So, finally, here are the notes on the
conference on vampirism and magia posthuma in the discourse of the Habsburg monarchy in the 18th and 19th centuries I have promised you. As it is always difficult to provide a detailed account of the presentations at a conference, so I will simply highlight the themes and theories presented.
First of all, I would once again like to thank the organizers,
Ursula Reber and
Christoph Augustynowicz, for making the conference possible and for inviting me! It was an extraordinary experience to spend three days in the company of people who share this peculiar interest and who can speak with familiarity of
Frombald,
Glaser and
Flückinger.
Held at the
Institute for East European History which is located in the buildings of the former
Alte Allgemeine Krankhaus (AKH) that now house the Viennese
Unicampus, we were close to the
Josephinum and
Van Swieten Gasse. In fact, right outside the windows of the auditorium we could see the
Narrenturm. All in all I think that around fifty people participated with a nucleus of some 25 participants, many of whom presented papers during the conference in sunny and hot Vienna.
The conference started on the evening of Thursday 2 July, when
Christoph Augustynowicz,
Ursula Reber and the head of the institute bid us welcome. I then spoke for about an hour about this blog: Why I started the blog, my approach to vampires, my search for the book
Magia Posthuma, the blog itself, its visitors and the feedback I have received. I finished my talk with some information about von Schertz’s
Magia Posthuma. The evening ended with a reception and a copious supply of food, beer and wine.
Next day
Peter Mario Kreuter, author of
Der Vampirglaube in Südosteuropa and currently at the Südost-Institute in Regensburg, compared the state of the interest in vampires to that of the unscientific attitude towards witch research until 1970s. He recommended that researchers should examine the original documents at the
Hofkammerarchiv in Vienna. As for the use of the word vampire in the documents, he interpreted the differences in the use of the word from Frombald’s 1725 document (unfortunately only known in a copy) to Flückinger’s 1732
Visum et Repertum, and posed the theory that the term
'Vampyr' must have become well-known in the years following 1725, but that the cases of vampirism in the intermediate years apparently have not been documented.
The 18th century documents on vampires were also the focus of
Christian Reiter, professor extraordinarius in forensic medicine, as he delivered an analysis of the
Visum et Repertum from the point of view of forensic medicine. He convincingly argued that the epidemic in
Medvedja in 1731-32 was caused by
anthrax. Furthermore he concluded that Flückinger and co. had falsified their report concerning the corpses not in a ‘vampire state’ with the intent of obtaining remuneration for their examination of the corpses. Clearly a number of the participants wanted to exonerate Flückinger of this charge, but was unable to oppose the theory, so no doubt Reiter’s paper will be closely studied when published.
Another kind of documentation that is often taken as evidence of vampire beliefs are archaeological finds of human remains that appears to have been treated to prevent the deceased to harm the living. Author of
Blutspuren: Die Geschichte der Vampire,
Hagen Schaub, presented his thoughts on these finds, including the recent excavation in
Venice. Overall his analysis left little or no positive evidence that any of these archaeological finds convincingly can be taken as proof of beliefs in vampires or similar revenants. Some of the interpretations of the archaeological evidence are just far too fantastic, and alternative explanations can not be ruled out. The verdict did not seem to surprise to anyone, but it was nice to hear a clear presentation of the various founds and the theories that are frequently claimed to support them as evidence of vampire beliefs.
The interpretation of human corpses were also the topic of
Marco Frenschowski, protestant theologian and associate professor with an impressive knowledge of vampires and related subjects, as he spoke on various notions concerning incorruptibility, in particular from the point of view of various Christian churches, and their relation to ‘living corpses’.
As for other aspects of vampire beliefs,
Christa Tuczay, lecturer and associate professor at the Institute for German Studies in Vienna as well as author of several books including
this one, discussed various examples of nightmare entities, e.g. in the works of Philostratus, Füssli and Sacher-Masoch, and how they were perceived throughout particularly the 19th century. In the following discussion, Christian Reiter mentioned that the experiences related by victims of the “alptraum” could be explained as an asthmatic attack.
Hans Richard Brittnacher should have talked on blood magic, but was unfortunately unable to attend.
The development of vampire or vampire related cases and tales, as well as of the term vampire, was the topic of several papers.
Clemens Ruthner, lecturer at Trinity College in Dublin, discussed
Herbert Mayo’s fictionalization of Flückinger’s
Visum et Repertum with an emphasis on the literary aspects of the version.
Thomas M. Bohn, professor in History of Eastern and Middle Europe at the University of Regensburg, in detail traced the interesting development of the original 1718 posthumous execution of
Michael Kasparek in Lubló in present day Slovakia into various tales and interpretations, including that of a vampire ('
ein Vorläufer der Serbischen Vampyrs, und von allen das abenteuerlichste dieser Spuckgespenster' according to in
Georg Conrad Horst in his
Zauber-Bibliothek). Apparently the story of Michael Kasparek has even inspired a Czecko-Slovak movie,
Kisertet Lublon (1976).
Christoph Augustynowicz, professor extraordinarius at the University of Vienna, discussed the portrayal of vampires by Sacher-Masoch, Karl Emil Franzos and Bertha Pappenheim in the 19th century, and the views of Jews in
Galicia in these texts.
Karin Barton, associate professor at Laurier University in Canada, is particularly interested in insects and their role in cultural history and literature, currently with emphasis on the flea. She presented a paper on
The Habsburg Flea: Notes on the Cultural and Literary History of an Insect Vampire with numerous examples of how the flea has been presented in various media, including some that related it to vampires. Remarkably, she presented a source from 1866 that mentions the word
'nosferatu', a term otherwise usually perceived as constructed by
Emily Gerard in her
Transsylvanian Superstitions from 1885!
Ursula Reber spoke on
Klaus Hamberger’s original thesis on vampires, and on
Michel Serres’
La Légende des Anges. Apparently Hamberger, author of the seminal collection of source material
Mortuus non mordet: Vampirismus 1689-1791 (1992), in his voluminous thesis wrote in a now obsolete discourse that makes it rather difficult to read today. The organizers had actually tried to contact Hamberger to invite him to the conference, but without being able to localize him. He probably is no longer interested in the subject, but there was a general consensus that a reprint of Mortuus non mordet is long overdue. (I was by the way relieved to find during the conference that I am not the only one who has had difficulty in reading volume 2 of Hamberger’s work on vampires:
Über Vampirismus: Krankengeschichte und Deutungsmuster 1801-1899).
Sigrid Janisch, Ph.D. student in Vienna, talked about various definitions of vampires from 18th and 19th century encyclopedias, the subject of her Ph.D. work, and
Bernhard Unterholzner, Master student in Munich, traced the vampire debates from 1732 and onwards.
Another aspect of the topic brought vampire beliefs into our present day as we were presented with two different kinds of field work on
Balkan. Assistant professor for languages and cultures of the Balkan region,
Thede Kahl, talked about his field work in Albania and Northern Greece, where he got about 200 tales about vampires, revenants and other entities. He discussed the various types and divided the tales into five narrative categories depending on how the narrator referred to a belief in vampires. The interesting findings will be published later this year.
Whereas the work of Kahl is that of an outsider investigating vampires in areas of Balkan,
Vlado Vlacic, a student from Munich, has carried out his field work in the parts of
Bosnia where he himself grew up. So Vlacic actually has first hand experience of vampire beliefs from his native community. He struggled somewhat with presenting the beliefs and their framework to us outsiders, as he apparently found it hard to put into words and terms the ‘silent’ knowledge he has grown up with. I think that many of us who were present hope that he overcomes his frustrations and keeps working on how to communicate to us the concrete vampire beliefs of Bosnia.
Obviously the conference touched upon various aspects of the subject, all of which contribute to a better understanding of vampire beliefs, their history and reception, as well as the development of the concept of a vampire into a metaphor and a fictional character that can be used for almost any purpose. For a detailed insight into the topics presented you must wait until the papers are published on the
Kakanien Revisited web site. The plan is, however, that they will ultimately be published as a regular book.
Considering e.g. Stephanie Meyer’s current bestselling books, it is amazing that a topic that is so ‘hot’ in the popular media, attracts only a relatively limited number of scholars. Peter Mario Kreuter told us about an attempt at making a TV documentary series that presented the actual historical facts on vampires and other matters. Unfortunately, no one was willing to support the project, as you apparently have to compromise historical facts to highlight fictional vampires if you want to get in the media!
Originally Kreuter himself had to win money in a quiz show to be able to finance the publication of his book on vampires. Publishers apparently are not queuing up to publish this kind of book, but fortunately he is currently working on an updated edition of his book which will be published in English!
If we accept the parallel to witch research, we may hope that the research into vampires and other revenants will follow a route similar to that of witch research within the next couple of decades. The papers from this conference should contribute to that, and I hope that this blog in some way can also contribute to this end. Before the end of the conference there was some slight discussion of a future conference, and hopefully it will be possible to arrange one in a not too distant future!
I thank participants for good company and support, as well as for interesting presentations discussions. The conference also allowed me to visit a
Heuriger with traditional food and wine on the outskirts of Vienna. And most curiously, I found out that Peter Mario Kreuter speaks Danish, so to my surprise I found myself talking in my native tongue a few times with this German authority on vampires!
Held at the Institute for East European History which is located in the buildings of the former Alte Allgemeine Krankhaus (AKH) that now house the Viennese Unicampus, we were close to the Josephinum and Van Swieten Gasse. In fact, right outside the windows of the auditorium we could see the Narrenturm. All in all I think that around fifty people participated with a nucleus of some 25 participants, many of whom presented papers during the conference in sunny and hot Vienna.
The Austrian publisher Böhlau mentioned in my last post published a volume on vampire matters in 1997: 100 Jahre Dracula compiled by Rainer M. Köppl, who later on hosted the Vampire Princess documentary. Commemorating the centenary of Bram Stoker's Dracula, the book mostly contains material related to Dracula and other fictional vampires. There is, however, a short article on vampirism from a medical point of view by Andreas Leithner and Christian Reiter (Reiter also was in the above mentioned documentary) which lists some of the diseases that people have tried to relate to the vampire cases, and of our main interest: An article by Köppl on Gerard van Swieten (Wissenschaft und Totenzauber) and a reprint of the German translation of van Swieten's remarks on vampirism! Köppl's article is quite enjoyable in its description of van Swieten's tight-rope walking between religion and materialism when denouncing the magia posthuma.
Professor Christian Reiter of the Medical University of Vienna, who appears in both Die Vampir Prinzessin and the Galileo Mystery episode about vampires, can be heard here talking (in German) about the early 18th Century vampire cases from the point of view of forensic medicine.
Galileo Mystery, a documentary series on German TV channel Pro7, earlier this year dealt with vampires, even dramatising the exhumation of corpses in Medvedja and showing excerpts from the original documents. I have only seen the clip available here, but it looks pretty interesting.
